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AUTHOR AND EDITOR INFORMATION

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Author: A Antoine Kazzi, MD, Chair and Medical Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon

A Antoine Kazzi is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Coauthor(s): Rasha A Hindiyeh, BS, Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine

Editors: Jeffrey Glenn Bowman, MD, MS, Consulting Staff, Highfield MRI, Columbus, Ohio; Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine; Mark W Fourre, MD, Program Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Maine Medical Center; Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Vermont School of Medicine; John D Halamka, MD, MS, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Chief Information Officer, CareGroup Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Division of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Rick Kulkarni, MD, Medical Director, Assistant Professor of Surgery, Section of Emergency Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital

Author and Editor Disclosure

Synonyms and related keywords: human papillomavirus, HPV, sexually transmitted disease, STD, condyloma acuminatum, papilloma acuminatum, papilloma venereum, pointed condyloma, pointed wart, venereal wart, verruca acuminata, genital warts, papovaviruses, HPV infection

INTRODUCTION

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Background

Genital warts are an epidermal manifestation attributed to the epidermotropic human papillomavirus (HPV). More than 75 types of double-stranded HPV papovaviruses have been isolated thus far. Many have been linked directly to an increased neoplastic risk in men and women.

Approximately 90% of all genital warts are related to HPV types 6 and 11 (HPV-6, HPV-11). These are the least likely to have neoplastic potential.

Thirteen HPV types (ie, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 45, 51-56, 58) have a moderate risk for neoplastic conversion; HPV-16 and HPV-18 are considered high risk. This picture is complicated by the proven coexistence of many types in the same patient (10-15%), lack of adequate information on the oncogenic potential of many other types, and ongoing identification of additional HPV-related clinical pathology. For example, bowenoid papulosis, seborrheic keratoses, and Buschke-Lowenstein tumors—previously parts of the differential diagnosis of genital warts—all have been linked to HPV infections.

  • Bowenoid papulosis consists of rough papular eruptions and is considered a carcinoma in situ. Eruptions can be red, brown, or flesh colored and may regress or become invasive.
  • Seborrheic keratoses previously were considered a benign skin manifestation. These consist of rough plaques and have an infectious and an oncogenic potential.
  • Buschke-Lowenstein tumor (giant condyloma) is a fungating, locally invasive, low-grade cancer attributed to HPV.

Pathophysiology

HPV invades cells of the basal layer of the epidermis, penetrating skin and mucosal microabrasions in the genital area.

A latency period of months to years may ensue. Following that period, viral DNA, capsids, and particles are produced. Host cells become infected and develop the morphologic atypical koilocytosis of genital warts.

Most frequently affected are the penis, vulva, vagina, cervix, perineum, and perianal area. These mucosal lesions occasionally can be found in the oropharynx, larynx, and trachea. HPV-6 even has been reported in other uncommon areas (eg, extremities).

Multiple simultaneous lesions are common and may involve subclinical states as well as different anatomic sites. Subclinical infections have an infectious and oncogenic potential.

Consider the possibility of sexual abuse in pediatric cases; however, remember that infection by direct manual contact or, rarely, by indirect transmission from fomites may occur. Additionally, passage through an infected vaginal canal at birth may cause respiratory lesions in infants.

Frequency

United States

Annual incidence is 1%, and genital warts are considered the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD). A 4-fold or more increase in prevalence has been reported in the last 2 decades; prevalence reportedly exceeds 50%.

International

Reports vary on international prevalence, but available data from England, Panama, Italy, the Netherlands, and other developed and underdeveloped countries show HPV infections to be at least as common internationally as in the United States.

Mortality/Morbidity

Mortality is secondary to malignant transformation to a carcinoma. This oncogenic potential, which is rare with HPV-6 and HPV-11 (the most commonly isolated viruses), reportedly triples the risk of genitourinary cancer among infected males.

  • HPV infection appears to be more common and worse in patients with various types of immunologic deficiencies. Recurrence rate, size, discomfort, and risk of oncologic progression are highest among these patients. Secondary infection is uncommon. Latent illness often becomes active during pregnancy.
  • Vulvar warts may interfere with parturition. Trauma then may occur, producing crusting or erythema. Acute urethral obstruction may occur in women.
  • Bleeding has been reported due to flat warts of the penile urethral meatus (usually associated with HPV-16) and in the large lesions that can occur during pregnancy. Lesions may lead to disfigurement.

Sex

Both sexes are susceptible to infection. Overt disease may be more common in men (reported in 75% of cases); however, infection may be more prevalent in women.

Age

Prevalence is greatest in persons aged 17-33 years, with a peak incidence in persons aged 20-24 years.


CLINICAL

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History

  • Painless bumps, pruritus, and discharge are the chief complaints encountered with genital warts.
  • Generally, two thirds of individuals who have sexual contact with a partner who has genital warts develop lesions within 3 months.
  • A history involving multiple lesions, rather than a single isolated wart, is more common.
  • Involvement of more than 1 area is more common.
  • History may indicate previous or other current STDs.
    • Oral, laryngeal, or tracheal mucosal lesions (uncommon) presumably transfer through oral-genital contact.
    • History of anal intercourse warrants a thorough search for perianal lesions.
  • Urethral bleeding or urinary obstruction (uncommon) may be the presenting complaint when the wart involves the meatus.
  • Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy may be due to condyloma eruptions. Coital bleeding also may occur.
  • Latent illness may become active, particularly with pregnancy and immunosuppression.
  • Lesions may regress spontaneously, remain static, or progress.

Physical

  • Single or multiple papular eruptions may be seen.
    • Eruptions can be pearly, filiform, fungating, cauliflower, or plaquelike.
    • Lesions can be quite smooth (particularly on the penile shaft), verrucous, or lobulated.
    • Some appear harmless; others have a more disturbing appearance.
    • Multiple sites often are involved simultaneously.
  • Color may vary from that of the skin to erythema or hyperpigmentation.
  • Check for irregularities in shape, form, or color that may suggest melanoma or malignancy.
  • Seek perianal lesions, particularly in patients with a history or risk of immunosuppression or anal intercourse.
  • Search for evidence of other STDs (eg, ulcerations, adenopathy, vesicles, discharge).
  • Genital warts have a propensity for the penile glans and shaft in men and for the vulvovaginal and cervical areas in women.
  • Urethral meatus and mucosal lesions can occur.
  • Some lesions are subclinical, and some are hidden by hair or in the inner aspect of uncircumcised foreskin.
  • Although earlier reports have suggested otherwise, the presence of external genital warts warrants a thorough search for cervical and urethral lesions.
    • Such internal lesions have been found in more than half of females with external lesions.
    • Infected males have a 20% chance or more (in one report) of having subclinical urethral lesions.
    • More than 50% of female patients with external lesions have negative Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) results but positive HPV infection results using in situ hybridization.
  • Pruritus may be a complaint.
  • Discharge may be evident.

Causes

  • Genital warts are caused by several of the epidermotropic HPVs.
    • HPV-6 and HPV-11 most commonly are isolated; however, many of the more than 60 types of HPV may cause condyloma.
    • Male sex partners of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia often have infections of the same viral type.
  • Smoking, oral contraceptives, multiple sex partners, and early coital age are risk factors for acquiring genital warts.


DIFFERENTIALS

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Condyloma Acuminata

Other Problems to be Considered

Darier disease
Hailey-Hailey disease
Neoplasia
Nevi
Pearly penile papules
Vulvar neurofibromatosis
Vulvar vestibular papillae


WORKUP

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Other Tests

  • As indicated by history and physical examination, consider testing for other STDs (eg, HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis).
  • The following are not ED tests. These are listed strictly for educational purposes and to assist in the understanding and management of potential complications.
    • Pap smear - Used to look for papillomatosis, acanthosis, koilocytic abnormality, and mild nuclear abnormality
    • Colposcopy (stereoscopic microscopy) - Used to look for papillomatosis, acanthosis, koilocytic abnormality, and mild nuclear abnormality
    • Biopsy - Indicated for lesions that are atypical, recurrent after initial success, or resistant to treatment and in patients with a high risk for neoplasia or immunosuppression
    • Filter hybridization (Southern blot and slot-blot hybridization), in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction - Used for diagnosis and typing of HPV
    • Hybrid capture


TREATMENT

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Emergency Department Care

  • Although an in-depth discussion of the treatment of genital warts (ie, type of workup, treatment regimens, necessary follow-up) is beyond the scope of ED practice, symptomatic treatment may be warranted.
    • Use pressure to stop bleeding, if present.
    • Relieve urethral obstruction (rare).
    • Search for evidence of coexistent STDs; treat them if found and indicated.
  • The following measures are beyond the scope of the ED and are presented for educational purposes only.
    • Untreated: If visible genital warts are left untreated, they can undergo spontaneous resolution, increase in size, increase in number, or remain unchanged.
    • Ablative therapy
      • Cryotherapy: Use an open spray or cotton-tipped applicator for 10-15 seconds and repeat as needed. Lift away mobile skin from the underlying normal tissue before freezing. Response rates are high with few adverse sequelae. Adverse reactions include pain during treatment, erosion, ulceration, and postinflammatory hypopigmentation of skin. Cryotherapy is safe for use during pregnancy.
      • Electrodesiccation (smoke plume may be infective)
      • Curettage
      • Surgical excision: Excision has the highest success rate and lowest recurrence rate. Initial cure rates are 63-91%.
      • Carbon dioxide laser treatment: This treatment is used for extensive or recurrent genital warts. HPV-6 DNA has been detected in the carbon dioxide laser plume; therefore, treatment is potentially infectious. The procedure requires local, regional, or general anesthesia. (A eutectic mixture of local anesthetics [EMLA] cream may be used as an alternative anesthetic.)
    • Immune-based therapy
      • Physician administered treatments include acid applications (bichloroacetic acid or trichloroacetic acid) and interferon injections with antiviral mechanisms.
      • Medications for home use include imiquimod 5% cream, podofilox gel or solution, and antiproliferative compounds (5-fluorouracil).
      • HPV vaccines: Two HPV vaccine candidates have proven to be highly effective in clinical trials: Gardasil and Cervarix. Gardasil, Merck's HPV vaccine, was licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June 2006 for the prevention of cervical cancers and other diseases caused by HPV in females. It is composed of a viruslike particle consisting of recombinant L1 proteins from HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18. It has been recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to be routinely given to girls at age 11-12 years. It can be administered starting at age 9 years, with catch-up vaccinations recommended for females aged 13-26 years. The vaccine is not established as CDC policy until it is accepted by the director of the CDC. Cervarix is GlaxoSmithKline's HPV vaccine candidate and focuses on cancer prevention with L1 proteins from HPV types 16 and 18 only. This vaccine will likely be approved and licensed in late 2006.The vaccinesdonoteliminate the need for other prevention strategies and screening.

Consultations

  • No emergent consultation is indicated.
  • Outpatient follow-up with a dermatologist, an OB/GYN, or a urologist is indicated.


MEDICATION

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Do not administer the following medications in the ED. These agents are listed strictly for educational purposes and to help readers understand and manage potential complications.

Warts generally regress spontaneously within months or years. Remove genital or laryngeal warts, however, because of the possibility of malignant transformation.

The CDC recommends keratolytic agents, antimitotic agents, and immune-response modifiers as alternative regimens to cryotherapy to treat external genital/perianal warts, vaginal warts, and urethral meatus warts.

Drug Category: Keratolytics

These agents cause the cornified epithelium to swell, soften, macerate, and then desquamate.

Drug NamePodophyllum resin (Podocon-25, Podo-Ben-25, Podofin)
DescriptionPowdered mixture of resins removed from the May apple (mandrake) (Podophyllum peltatum linne). Cytotoxic agent used topically to treat genital warts. Arrests mitosis in metaphase, an effect it shares with other cytotoxic agents (eg, vinca alkaloids). Podophyllotoxin is the active agent, and its strength varies with the type of podophyllum resin used. American podophyllum contains a fourth the amount of Indian source. A cure rate of 20-50% can be expected if used as a single agent.
Adult DoseSparingly apply 10-25% concentration onto lesions 1-2 times/wk; use 1 gtt at a time, allowing drying between gtt until area is covered
Treat only intact lesions; wash treatment area 1-2 h after first application; in subsequent treatments, patient can wait 4-6 h before washing off agent
Pediatric DoseApply as in adults
ContraindicationsDocumented hypersensitivity; diabetes; impaired peripheral circulation; avoid use on mucous membranes, eyes, bleeding warts, moles, birthmarks, or unusual warts with hair
InteractionsNone reported
PregnancyX - Contraindicated in pregnancy
PrecautionsPowerful caustic and severe irritant; do not use if surrounding tissue is swollen or irritated; do not apply 25% solution near mucous membranes; do not use large amounts; avoid contact with cornea

Drug NamePodofilox (Condylox)
DescriptionTopical antimitotic that can be chemically synthesized or purified from plant families Coniferae and Berberidaceae (eg, species of Juniperus and Podophyllum). Treatment of anogenital warts results in necrosis of visible wart tissue. Exact mechanism of action is unknown. Genital warts are epidemiologically associated with cervical carcinoma. Slightly higher cure rates can be expected with podofilox than with podophyllin. Additionally, this agent is useful for prophylaxis.
Adult Dose0.5% solution applied bid for 3 d and discontinued for 4 d; repeat this on-and-off cycle for up to 4 wk
Use no more than 0.5 mL of solution or 0.5 g of gel qd; treat <10 cm2 of tissue qd
Thoroughly wash hands after each application
Pediatric DoseNot established
ContraindicationsDocumented hypersensitivity
InteractionsNone reported
PregnancyC - Safety for use during pregnancy has not been established.
PrecautionsAvoid contact with eyes; if eye contact, immediately flush eye with copious quantities of water and seek medical advice; not for use on mucous membranes of genital area, including urethra, rectum, and vagina; do not exceed frequency of application or duration of usage; not recommended by itself for recurrent warts or perianal or genital mucous membranes (distinguishing between these conditions can be difficult); obtain histopathologic confirmation if the diagnosis is doubtful

Drug NameTrichloroacetic (Tri-Clor), Dichloroacetic (Bichloracetic) acids
DescriptionCauterizes skin, keratin, and other tissues. Although caustic, causes less local irritation and systemic toxicity than other agents in the same class. However, response is often incomplete and recurrences are frequent.
Adult DosePaint on to lesions, avoiding uninvolved skin; can be used in anal areas; repeat q1-2wk; 3-4 treatments may be necessary
Treated area requires no cleansing after several hours
Pediatric DoseNot established
ContraindicationsDocumented hypersensitivity; not for use on premalignant or malignant lesions
InteractionsNone reported
PregnancyC - Safety for use during pregnancy has not been established.
PrecautionsExternal use only; restrict use to treatment areas only; if acid spilled on normal tissue or if too much applied, remove immediately and wash with water; sodium bicarbonate may be applied as a local antidote

Drug Name5-Fluorouracil (Efudex, Fluoroplex)
DescriptionHas antimetabolic, antineoplastic, and immunostimulative activity. Useful to prevent recurrence in patients who are immunocompromised if started within 4 wk of condyloma ablation.
Mild local discomfort can be treated with cortisol cream.
Adult Dose5% cream qd or periodically for 10 wk
1% cream bid for 2-6 wk
Pediatric DoseNot established
ContraindicationsDocumented hypersensitivity; pregnancy
InteractionsNone reported
PregnancyX - Contraindicated in pregnancy
PrecautionsIncidence of inflammatory reactions may occur with occlusive dressings; porous gauze dressing may be applied for cosmetic reasons without increase in reaction; avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight or UV radiation; increased absorption may occur through ulcerated or swollen skin; use care near eyes, nose, and mouth; wash hands immediately after application; prolonged use may result in erosive dermatitis and mucositis; additionally, there is a risk of developing vaginal adenosis and clear cell adenocarcinoma with this treatment; pain, pruritus, burning, irritation, inflammation, allergic contact dermatitis, and telangiectasia are possible adverse effects

Drug Category: Miscellaneous topical ointment

Another topical product that has gained FDA approval for genital warts includes kunecatechins.

Drug NameKunecatechins (Veregen)
DescriptionBotanical drug product for topical use consisting of extract from green tea leaves. Mode of action unknown but does elicit antioxidant activity in vitro. Indicated for topical treatment of external genital and perianal warts (condylomata acuminatum) in immunocompetent patients.
Adult DoseApply topically tid; use approximately a 0.5-cm strand of ointment topically for each external genital or perianal wart
Pediatric Dose<18 years: Not established
ContraindicationsDocumented hypersensitivity
InteractionsNone reported
PregnancyC - Safety for use during pregnancy has not been established.
PrecautionsNot evaluated for urethral, intravaginal, cervical, rectal, or intra-anal human papilloma viral disease and should not be used to treat these conditions; avoid application to open wounds, eyes, and nose; wash hands before and after application; avoid sexual contact while ointment is on skin; may cause application site reactions, phimosis, inguinal lymphadenitis, urethral meatal stenosis, dysuria, genital herpes simplex, vulvitis, hypersensitivity, pruritus, pyodermitis, skin ulcer, erosions in the urethral meatus, and superinfection of warts and ulcers

Drug Category: Interferons

These agents are naturally produced proteins with antiviral, antitumor, and immunomodulatory actions. Alpha-, beta-, and gamma-interferons exist and may be administered topically, systemically, and intralesionally.

Drug NameInterferon alfa-n3 (Alferon N)
DescriptionApproved by the FDA for injection in refractory condyloma acuminata. The mechanism by which interferons exert antitumor activity is poorly understood. Direct antiproliferative action against tumor cells and modulation of the host immune response may play important roles.
Recurrence rate of 20-40%, but the recurrence rate after successful treatment is lower than with other treatment modalities. Nevertheless, intralesional interferon is expensive and requires repeated office visits.
Adult Dose250,000 U intralesionally twice weekly for a maximum of 8 wk; not to exceed 2.5 million U per treatment session
Pediatric DoseNot established
ContraindicationsDocumented hypersensitivity to mouse immunoglobulin, egg protein, or neomycin
InteractionsPotential risk of renal failure when administered concurrently with interleukin-2; theophylline may increase toxicity by reducing clearance; cimetidine may increase antitumor effects; zidovudine and vinblastine may increase toxicity
PregnancyC - Safety for use during pregnancy has not been established.
PrecautionsNumerous adverse reactions may occur with IM administration, including myalgias, fever and chills, GI symptoms, transient leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, LFT abnormalities, and serum lipid abnormalities, as well as a theoretical risk of viral transmission with natural interferon products; viral symptoms abate with time, and all adverse effects resolve once therapy is stopped; viral symptoms can be treated with acetaminophen or NSAIDs in the interim; monitor periodically to determine if the patient is responding to treatment; if patient does not respond within 6 mo, discontinue treatment; if a response to treatment is seen, continue treatment until either no further improvement is observed or the laboratory parameters have been stable for about 3 mo (not known whether continued treatment after that time is beneficial); caution in debilitating cardiovascular disease, severe pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus with ketoacidosis, coagulation disorders, severe myelosuppression, or seizure disorders

Drug Category: Immune response modifiers

These agents are indicated for treatment of genital warts. Induces secretion of interferon alpha and other cytokines; mechanisms of action are unknown. They may be more effective in women than in men.

Drug NameImiquimod (Aldara) 5% cream
DescriptionInduces secretion of interferon alpha and other cytokines; mechanisms of action are unknown.
Adult DoseApply 3 times/wk prior hs for 16 wk; leave on skin for 6-10 h, then wash treatment area with soap and water
Pediatric Dose<12 years: Not established
>12 years: Apply as in adults
ContraindicationsDocumented hypersensitivity
InteractionsNone reported
Pregnancy
PrecautionsGenital use: Not recommended for treatment of rectal, cervical, intravaginal, urethral, and intra-anal human papilloma infection; following surgery or drug treatment, do not use topical imiquimod until genital/perianal tissue is healed
Actinic keratosis: Avoid exposure to sunlight or artificial tanning; regular use of sunscreen is encouraged; avoid contact with lips, eyes, or nostrils; common adverse effects include erythema, edema, vesicles, erosion or ulceration, weeping, exudate, flaking, scaling, dryness, and scabbing or crusting
Basal cell carcinoma: Medical follow-up is essential to ensure cancer has responded adequately to treatment; may cause redness, swelling, and sore development at application site; may cause itching or burning

Drug Category: Vaccines

A HPV vaccine is now available for prevention of HPV-associated dysplasias and neoplasia including cervical cancer, genital warts (condyloma acuminata), and precancerous genital lesions. The immunization series should be completed in girls and young women aged 9-26 years.

Drug NamePapillomavirus vaccine (Gardasil)
DescriptionQuadrivalent HPV recombinant vaccine.
First vaccine indicated to prevent cervical cancer, genital warts (condyloma acuminata), and precancerous genital lesions (eg, cervical adenocarcinoma in situ; cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 1, 2, and 3; vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2 and 3; vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2 and 3) due to HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18. Vaccine efficacy mediated by humoral immune responses following immunization series.
Adult Dose<26 years: 0.5 mL IM administered as 3 separate doses; administer second and third doses 2 and 6 mo after first dose, respectively
>26 years: Not established
Pediatric Dose<9 years: Not established
>9 years: Administer as in adults
ContraindicationsDocumented hypersensitivity
InteractionsImmunosuppressive therapies (eg, irradiation, antineoplastic agents, corticosteroids) may decrease immune response to vaccine
PregnancyB - Usually safe but benefits must outweigh the risks.
PrecautionsShake well before administering; administer in deltoid region of upper arm or in higher anterolateral thigh; individuals with impaired immune responsiveness (eg, HIV infection, neoplastic disease, currently taking immunosuppressive drugs) may not elicit antibody response; because of IM administration, do not administer to individuals with bleeding disorders (eg, thrombocytopenia, coagulation disorders, anticoagulant therapy); common adverse effects include pain, swelling, erythema, and/or pruritus at injection site and fever


FOLLOW-UP

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Further Outpatient Care

  • Ensure follow-up with a dermatologist, OB/GYN (females), or urologist (males) within 1 week.
  • Perform a workup for HPV and other STDs as indicated.
  • Treat the patient using medications; if medications are ineffective, treat with cryotherapy, curettage, electrodesiccation, surgical excision, carbon dioxide laser treatment, or combination therapy.
  • Evaluate and treat sexual partner(s).
  • Search for immunosuppression in patients with treatment failures and recurrences.
  • Perform a tissue biopsy if recurrences or treatment failures occur.

In/Out Patient Meds

  • Podofilox (purified podophyllotoxin) is available for home use by the patient.
    • A 0.5% solution is applied twice daily for 3 consecutive days followed by 4 days of no therapy. The cycle can be repeated up to 4 times.
    • Slightly higher cure rates are expected than with podophyllin.
    • Podofilox is useful for prophylaxis.
    • Podofilox is not recommended as the sole treatment for recurrent warts.
  • Imiquimod (Aldara) 5% cream: The cream is applied qhs, 3 times a week for a treatment period of 16 weeks. The treatment area should be washed with soap and water 6-10 hours after application.

Deterrence/Prevention

  • No treatment is 100% effective.
    • The FDA has recently approved a vaccine for HPV.
    • Sexual abstinence and monogamy are protective.
    • Condoms may discourage transmission.

Complications

  • Local disfigurement
  • Transformation to genitourinary malignancies in both males and females
  • Transmission to neonate or partners
  • Recurrence

Prognosis

  • Many cases fail to respond to treatment or recur after adequate response.
  • Recurrence rate of cervical dysplasia in women is not altered by treatment of their sex partners.
  • Recurrence rates exceed 50% after 1 year and have been attributed to the following:
    • Recurrent infection from sexual contact
    • Long incubation period of HPV
    • Location of the virus in superficial skin layers away from lymphatics
    • Persistence of the virus in the surrounding skin, in the hair follicle, or in sites inadequately reached by the intervention
    • Missed or deep lesions
    • Subclinical lesions
    • Underlying immunosuppression

Patient Education


MISCELLANEOUS

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Medical/Legal Pitfalls

  • Failure to inform patients of potential risk of malignant transformation of lesions
  • Failure to indicate necessity for follow-up, even after treatment eradicates lesions
  • Failure to recognize the possibility of subclinical and intravaginal or cervical lesions and failure to search for them
  • Failure to indicate treatment availability and follow-up
  • Failure to inform patients of the risk of HPV transmission to sex partners and neonates
  • Failure to inform patient of necessity to treat partners
  • Failure to search for immunosuppression in patients with treatment failures and recurrences

Special Concerns

  • Pregnancy
    • Latent infections may become activated with numerous large lesions.
    • Lesions often present or increase during pregnancy.
    • Lesions may make vaginal delivery difficult if they are in the cervix, vagina, or vulva.
    • Lesions tend to bleed easily.
    • Lesions often regress spontaneously after delivery.
  • Pediatrics
    • Neonates may become infected during passage through an infected birth canal.
    • Incidence of perinatal transmission to the infant pharynx may be as high as 50%; transmission occurs most frequently with HPV-6 and HPV-11.
    • Incidence of genital infection in neonates is 4%, although the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology currently does not recommend cesarean delivery due solely to positive HPV status.


MULTIMEDIA

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Media file 1:  Genital wart in pubic area.
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Media file 2:  Genital wart in pubic area.
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Media file 3:  Genital wart in pubic area.
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Media file 4:  Genital wart in pubic area (close-up). Note the pearly appearance.
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Media file 5:  Warts, genital. Condyloma acuminatum. Courtesy of Tsu-Yi Chuang, MD, MPH.
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Media type:  Photo

Media file 6:  Warts, genital. Small papilloma of the vulva. Courtesy of Tsu-Yi Chuang, MD, MPH.
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Media type:  Photo

Media file 7:  Warts, genital. "Cauliflower" condyloma of the penis. Courtesy of Tsu-Yi Chuang, MD, MPH.
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Media file 8:  Warts, genital. Small papilloma on the shaft of penis. Courtesy of Tsu-Yi Chuang, MD, MPH.
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Media type:  Photo

Media file 9:  Warts, genital. Small papilloma of the anus. Courtesy of Tsu-Yi Chuang, MD, MPH.
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Media type:  Photo


REFERENCES

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  • American Academy of Dermatology. Genital Warts. 2006. Accessed June 6, 2006. 2006. [Full Text].
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. 2002. Accessed June 6, 2006. [Full Text].
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ACIP Provisional Recommendations for the Use of Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine. 2006. Accessed August 18, 2006. [Full Text].
  • Chan PD, Winkle PJ, Winkle CR. Condyloma acuminata. Current Clinical Strategies - Family Medicine. 2nd ed. 1995: 209-10.
  • Congilosi SM, Madoff RD. Current therapy for recurrent and extensive anal warts. Dis Colon Rectum. Oct 1995;38(10):1101-7. [Medline].
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Warts, Genital excerpt

Article Last Updated: Jan 18, 2007